I saw dedicated researchers deeply focused on discovery, while crucial drug development aspects like CMC (Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Controls) were sometimes approached with strategies borrowed from other biologic fields, like monoclonal antibodies – strategies only partially suited to the unique demands of AAVs. Technology companies were racing to create specialized tools, and regulatory bodies were working diligently to understand the nuances of these novel therapies. The path to clinic, let alone commercialization, was incredibly challenging. The market’s cautious reaction to some early commercialized AAV products, even after regulatory successes – like Bluebird Bio's stock plummeting the day they received FDA approval for an AAV drug, an unprecedented event – sent a wave of caution through the entire field.